Pesticides can enter drinking water sources as runoff from crop production in agricultural areas and enter groundwater through abandoned wells on farms. Water resources issues in ethiopia a preamble nebiyu daniel tiruneh, university of florida according to the water supply and sanitation collaborative council, our failure to develop a solid foundation of public health through sanitation, hygiene and safe water supply is one of the biggest scandals of the last 50 years. Iron ore deposits are estimated at 20 million tons in the country per annum. Women and girls have to travel huge distances to fetch water, and they are unable to go to school or participate. In 1990, ethiopia emerged from civil war as one of the least developed and most impoverished countries in the world. This knowledge will help us to prepare for and adapt to the effects of climate change. Collecting turbid water in ethiopia or moringa seeds. A delegation from the local health committee or safety committee should visit the alternative sources regularly to check on their status. In relation to these challenges, the following priority actions. These discussions should take place before an emergency arises. Pdf causes, effects and solution of water polution. Natural resources in ethiopia fortune of africa ethiopia. Since then the country has made tremendous progress in fighting poverty, with the expansion of clean water sources serving as a major driver.
Water resources of ethiopia california state university. Assessment of physicochemical quality of borehole and. Whereas, it has become necessary to issue a water resources management, protection and utilization proclamation to put the water resources of ethiopia to the highest social and economic benefit for its people through appropriate protection and due management. The effect of climate change on water resources and programs introduction the goal of this module is to educate water program managers, as well as the general public, on the expected effects of climate change on water resources and water programs. Water pollution is any chemical, physical or biological change in the quality of water that has a harmful effect on any living thing that drinks or uses or lives in it. Socioeconomic activities such asagriculture which is the main stay of ethiopia s economy, energy and water supply, human health, etc are also very sensitive to climate variations. The survey found that 66 percent of the ethiopian population uses drinking water from improved sources, with distribution varying by place of residence. This water and sanitation profile was prepared under the. Access to water supply and sanitation in ethiopia is one of the lowest in the world.
The samples were collected from eight regions plus two administrative cities of. Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological quality. Appl water sci assessment of physicochemical quality of borehole and spring water sources supplied to robe town, oromia region, ethiopia dagim abera shigut 0 1 2 geremew liknew 0 1 2 dejene disasa irge 0 1 2 tanweer ahmad 0 1 2 0 department of chemistry, school of natural science, madda walabu university, balerobe, ethiopia 1 environmental science, school of natural science, madda walabu. Assessment of drinking water quality and its impact on residents health in bahawalpur city. Access to improved drinking water is particularly lacking in ethiopias rural subsector, due to inoperable equipment and low maintenance budgets. Surface water and groundwater resources of ethiopia. Turning finance into services for 2015 and beyond significant human resource capacity challenges, in particular at woreda that is, district level, despite large but disparate programbased capacity building initiatives.
The study used 983 water samples collected from different regions of the country, and have been tasted in the environmental health laboratory, ethiopian public health institute, from 2003 to 2011. Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world and is hit by frequent droughts and famines. Water is most vital liquid for maintaining the life on the earth. The survey collected information on the type of drinking water source used at the time of testing. Diarrhea is the leading cause of underfive mortality in ethiopia, accounting for 23 per cent of all underfive deaths more than 70,000 children a year. Drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in ethiopia. Study session 3 water sources and their characteristics. Understanding the fundamentals of a municipal water supply delivery system is. Socioeconomic activities such asagriculture which is the main stay of ethiopias economy, energy and water supply, human health, etc are also very sensitive to climate variations. Where recent improvements in water supply have resulted in former sources being abandoned, the.
Access to water supply and sanitation in ethiopia is amongst the lowest in subsaharan africa and the entire world. In this paper we take a birds eye view at the technical aspects of development of water resources, from direct use of surface waters to tapping of groundwater. Some epidemiological studies have reported associations between prenatal exposure to atrazine and reduced fetal growth. In the oromiya and southern nations, nationalities and peoples regions of ethiopia, there is limited access to drinking water and basic sanitation. Abstract background this retrospective study was aimed to examine the distribution of some physicochemical parameters and its health impact in selected drinking water sources of ethiopia.
Ethiopia has a complex topography, diversified climate, and immense water resources. The development of water resources for agricultural purposes on the one hand and rural water supply schemes on the other are the focus of our discussion in this section. This study had tried to assess sources and determinants of organic water pollutant bod emissions in. Assessment of drinking water quality and its impact on. Factors determining residential water demand in north western ethiopia, the case of merawi a project paper presented to the faculty of the graduate school of cornell university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of professional studies by dessalegn chanie dagnew january 2012. Ethiopia produces about 300,000 tons of marine and mined salt annually. In ethiopia in 2012, protected water sources supplied 97% of the water to urban populations, and 42% of the water to rural populations. A total of fifty five water samples were analyzed from the sample points of inlet the raw water sources, awash river, outlet site of disinfection and treated water leaves the treatment plant, reservoir site of treated water stored and water taps. The existing major water sources for awaday town was hand dug unsafe well water which used for all domestic water. Assessment of drinking water quality and determinants of household potable water consumption in simada district, ethiopia a project paper presented to the faculty of the graduate school of cornell university in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of master of professional studies mps by meseret belachew addisie january 2012.
Unimproved sources are water collected from unprotected dug wells, unprotected springs, and surface water. The overall goal of the national water resources management policy is. Surface water risk assessment of pesticides in ethiopia. Safe water for the community a guide for establishing a communitybased. While access has increased substantially with funding from foreign aid, much still remains to be done to achieve the millennium development goal of halving the share of people without access to water and sanitation by 2015, to improve sustainability and to improve service quality.
A water sample from inlet point was taken before water entering into the water treatment plant. Recurring droughts result in famine, food shortages, and water related diseases, as people are forced to rely heavily on contaminated or stagnant water sources. This movement places more stress on aquatic environments as more people use water resources for recreation. Unsafe sanitation and poor hygiene practices, combined with a lack of access to safe water, contribute to the spread of disease. Our main natural resources namely water, forest, biodiversity, agricultural land, energy, etc are very much the reflection of the climate we have. Of the two subsectors, the first has attracted high levels of investment, and the second was neglected until the postimperial period. Each year, inadequate access to safe drinking water and improper sanitation cause.
Drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in ethiopia we. Usaid investments connect communities to clean drinking water sources. Water resources management in ethiopia description continued in this study, the editors address these and other issues surrounding water resources management in all economic and water sectors in ethiopia within the setting of the nile basin, the first comprehensive treatment of. Aquastat faos global information system on water and. While access has increased substantially with funding from external aid, much still remains to be done to achieve the millennium development goal of halving the. Physicochemical quality of drinking water sources in. Other sources include the 2006 african development banks getting africa on track to meet the mdgs in water supply and sanitation, afdb ethiopia rural water supply and sanitation programme appraisal report 2005. Water resources issues in ethiopia a preamble nebiyu daniel tiruneh, university of florida according to the water supply and sanitation collaborative council, our failure to develop a solid foundation of public health through sanitation, hygiene and safe water. Recurring droughts result in famine, food shortages, and waterrelated diseases, as people are forced to rely heavily on contaminated or stagnant water sources. This study had tried to assess sources and determinants of organic water pollutant bod emissions in ethiopia by considering 22 years data from 19902011. It can support waterrelated policy and decision makers in their planning and monitoring activities as well as inform researchers, media and the general public. The water supply was inadequate as only about 15% of beneficiaries could get 20 liters of water per day per capita. In rural ethiopia, a survey found that many women and children walk more than three hours to collect water, often from shallow wells or unprotected ponds they share with animals.
The term, improved water source refers to piped water on premises piped household water connection located inside the users dwelling, plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources public taps or standpipes, tube wells or boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, and rainwater collection. Federal democratic republic of ethiopia ministry of water. The water sources were exposed in many cases to human waste, wild life, livestock and uncontrolled flooding. Pdf physicochemical quality of drinking water sources in. The country profile is a summary of key information that gives an overview of the water resources and water use at the national level. Meeting the mdg drinking water and sanitation target. More than 62 million people are impacted by the ethiopia water crisis. Africa water and urban 1 the world bank 1818 h street nw washington, dc 20433.
The spatiotemporal variability of the water resources is. An estimated 93 percent of all water withdrawals in the country surface water and groundwater are for agricultural use. Contaminated water leads to death and disease, and harvests are entirely dependent on rainfall, which is why they are insufficient. Ethiopia did not supply clean water for half of the total population up to the end of 2011.
The united nations recognizes that water disputes result from opposing interests of water users, public or private. Drinking water quality in the ethiopian section of the. The drinking water ladder describes the steps in improvement of quality of water supply. Water conflict is a term describing a conflict between countries, states, or groups over an access to water resources. Throughout this paper we have relied heavily on the ethiopian experience as the source of our examples because ethiopia typifies the conditions of many developing countries in terms of. Improved sources are piped water from any location, tube wells or boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies e. The effect of climate change on water resources and. Only 24% of the population has access to drinking water, in spite of the large number of water resources. Agricultural activity is by far the largest consumer of water in ethiopia. This paper is the first publication in a series on various hydrogeochemical aspects of rift valley water.
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